CONCEPT OF REGION: CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION

REGION: CONCEPT,CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION:

 

A Region is an area having uniform characteristics , On the other hand The Term of Region may be defined as different characteristics of between two regions according to specific criteria.A region may be stated as a sub areas within a nation.The greater development of sub area will be effected on nations.

SOME NOTABLE DEFINITION OF REGION GEOGRAPHERS:

HERBERTSON (1905) opines a region as" a complex of land ,water , air,plant,animals,, and man ,regarded in the spatial relationships as together constituting a definite portion of earth surface."

ARONVICI defines region as "a geographical area or areas which a given civilization standard 

of a people seems to require for the fulfillment of its aspirations through material resources".

JEORG defines region, ’’any portion of the earth’s surface'where physical conditions are 

homogeneous, is considered as region".

AMADEO  defined, as a region as a set of location units homogeneous with respect to their values on a particular set of characteristics”.

Therefore there are various concept of region.No matter which concept is more important than other ,so that concept of region is very much dynamics stated by different geographers at various ways.

BACKGROUND AND HISTORY:

The root of the concept of region was originated in USA and in EUROPE.The concept of region was first given in 19th century by French geographer Vidal_ da _ la_ blache. He mainly gave two concept i.e milieu and pays .the pays was a local region and milieu was natural environment.

In 1920s and 1930s the geographers were more concentrated on the place,thinking about the similarities and dis similarities between two regions.

REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS:

1. A Region have a specific location that demarcated a region is different from others i.e. Asia ,Africa, South America, North America and Australia.
2. The Thar desert, The Sahara desert have their particular spatial extension which identified them
3. Region have a specific boundary that separates one region to other. 
4. A Region can be formal or functional.a formal region is a area in which uniform nature and functional region explains a function of a particular region.
5. A Region have a transitional boundary.as A region is overlapping with other region.

CLASSIFICATION OF REGIONS

The regions is classified as follows

 Physical Characteristics:

• Climate region
• Land form
• Natural vegetation
• Ecosystem

Cultural Characteristics:

• Population region
• Linguistic region
• Religious region
• Agricultural region
• Industrial region
• Transport and Trade
• Political region
• Economics region
• Natural region
• Urban region

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TRIPLE JUNCTION OF PLATES AND ITS TYPES

 TRIPLE JUNCTION OF PLATES

 

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

A Triple Junction is a joint in which three plates meet i.e. the constructive, destructive and conservative plates meet at a point is called Triple Junction. The concept of Triple Junction was first used by W.J.Morgan,Dan McKenzie and Tanya Atwater.

CONCEPT:

A Triple junction is a place in which point three plates meet together.the movement of the three plates are in such ways i.e spreading each other (ridge) ,pushing each other ( trench) and sliding each other( fault).three plates meet at the inter section in their own motion.there are 100 triple junction of 50 plates.

TRIPLE JUNCTION IN THE WORLD

TYPE OF TRIPLE JUNCTION OF PLATES:

There are  three type of plate existed  i.e. RRR ( all plates are moving away each other) , TTT    ( plates lined up at 90 degree angle,pushing together) , FFF ( all plates are sliding each other which is impossible almost).RTF is lined up correctly.Most of the cases junction formed in these manner such as RFF,TTF,TFF,RTT etc.

THREE TYPE OF TRIPLE JUNCTION

STABLE JUNCTION AND UNSTABLE JUNCTION:

Stable junction which is maintained its form always whereas Unstable junction which don't remain in same form and changing always occurs. 

EXAMPLE

AFAR TRIPLE JUNCTION: The junction of the Red sea, The Gulf of Aden and The East African Rift joint together . This is a RRR triple junction .

AFAR TRIPLE JUNCTION

GALAPAGOS TRIPLE JUNCTION: It is also a RRR junction where The Nazca plate, The cocos and the East Pacific Rise meet.

GALAPAGOS TRIPLE JUNCTION

MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION: It is unstable junction in the offshore of North America. it is FFT junction where Gonda plate ,pacific plate and north american plate meet.

MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION

    The North sea is located at an old triple junction where three continental plates meet during The Paleozoic era: Avalonia,Laurentia and  Baltica.

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OCEAN - OCEAN CONVERGENCE : FORMATION OF ISLAND ARCS

OCEAN - OCEAN CONVERGENCE : FORMATION OF ISLAND ARCS

CONCEPT :  The Islands Arcs are narrow chains of islands which is originated the active volcanoes along the oceanic- oceanic convergence tectonics boundary.The oceanic - oceanic boundary is formed due to the movement of plates towards each other and more dense oceanic plate is subducted under less dense oceanic crust, forming  a trench along the boundary. However, the ocean floor is loaded with sediment into the trench.The subducted plate reaches 100 km and enters viscous asthenosphere,melting subducted plates become less dense and push the magma upward due to buoyant force.the flowing of magma is up warded violently and is created new crust along the boundary. Continuous up welling of magma and creating new crust formed a chain of volcanic islands.

OCEAN OCEAN CONVERGENCE BOUNDARY

TECTONISM AND VOLCANISM

TECTONICAL ACTIVITY AND FORMATION :

Islands Arcs are formed due to convergence boundary.The denser oceanic plate is subducted into the lesser oceanic crust at 45 degree angle  and enters asthenosphere which is viscous in nature.After forming a trench, the sediments is loaded on the ocean floor , up welling magma pushes the sediments upward , forming a new crust along the boundary.this process is repeated again and formed a narrow chains of active volcanoes.

STRUCTURE OF ISLAND ARCS

FORMATION OF ISLAND ARCS 

SOME NOTABLE EXAMPLE OF ISLAND ARCS

FORMATION OF PHILIPPINE ISLAND ARCS 

The Philippine Island Arcs formed due to minor plate i.e. Sunda plate which is part of Eurasian plate( continental plate) and Philippine plate ( oceanic plate) ,forming Philippine plate.

PHILIPPINE TRENCH

FORMATION OF MARIANA TRENCH

The formation of Mariana Trench,two most oceanic plate  i.e. Pacific plate and Philippine collides each other and Philippine plate is subducted beneath the Pacific plate,forming Mariana Trench and challenger deep.

MARIANA TRENCH

FORMATION OF JAPAN ISLAND ARCS

Japan island arc formed due to triple junction .i.e. in the northern part Pacific Plate is subducted under Eurasian Plate,forming Japan Trench.in the southern part Philippine plate subducted underneath the Eurasian Plate, Ryukyu Trench formed.The force exerted by the Philippine plate and Eurasian plate give rise to east china sea.in the central part give rise to Izu Trench due to pacific plate and Philippine plate. Japan sea originated due to enforcement of pacific plate and Philippine plate.

JAPAN ISLAND ARCS

JAPAN SEA

 JAPAN TRENCH 

FORMATION OF INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO

The term of Archipelago  means a extensive group of islands. The formation of The Indonesia Archipelago,The two plates i.e Indo - Australian plate subducted below Sunda Plate, Forming a Sunda Trench ( Java Trench is part of Sunda.)

INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO

FORMATION OF CARIBBEAN ISLANDS

Caribbean Islands formed due collision of North American plate and Caribbean oceanic plate respectively.the trench which is formed there is Puerto Rico.

CARIBBEAN ISLANDS

There are so many islands formed along the convergence boundary.some are mentioned above.

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PLATE BOUNDARY, PLATE MOVEMENT AND RESULTANT LAND FORMS

PLATE BOUNDARY, PLATE MOVEMENT AND RESULTANT LAND FORMS

Plate tectonic theory is a most important 1960s. Plates move over the asthenosphere which is viscous region. The plates move either opposite side or towards or pass each other. Plate boundaries are very important because all tectonic activities occurs along this such as volcanisms, earthquake, oceanic crust, drifting of plates etc.

MOVEMENT OF PLATES

Plate boundaries are divided into three categories as follows:

1. Conservative Plate Boundary
2. Divergent Plate Boundary
3. Convergent Plate Boundary

TYPE OF PLATES

TRANSFORM BOUNDARY:

When two plates pass simply each other along the fault is called Transform Boundary. It forms without creating and destroying the tectonic crust. It moves horizontally. When they pass each other, they get stress and exceed the strain threshold of rock on either side. This plate is also known as Conservative plate boundary.

TRANSFORM BOUNDARY

EXAMPLE:

    .      A notable example of this type of plate boundary is the San Andres Fault in the Western coast of North America where the pacific oceanic plate and North American continental plates move relatively each other .the pacific plate is moving from northwest side of North America,Alpine fault in New Zealand,The North Anatolian fault in turkey,The Mendocino Fracture zone offshore Northern California.

RESULTANT LAND FORM: 

·      Transform fault: Two plates slide each other in horizontal manner. It is a type of strike-slip fault. It moves 100 – 150 km deep along the mid oceanic ridge. The North Anatolian fault and San Andres fault are continental type of boundary.

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY:-

This are also called constructive plate margins or accreting plate boundaries. Plate margin represents the end part of the plate while plate boundary is an area between two plates.When two plates move in opposite direction and the empty space is filled with up welling magma creates new crust. There is continuous up welling of magma which is formed new crust.This plate boundary is also called constructive boundary because of the movement of two plates in opposite direction, up welling of magma spreads over the surface. After cooling and solidification forms a new crust.

EXAMPLE:-

a)  Mid Atlantic ridge

b) The east pacific rise

c)  East African Great Rift Valley

RESULTANT LAND FORM:-

      MID OCEANIC RIDGE:-

The North and South American plates Eurasia and Africa moves in opposite direction forming “S” shaped Atlantic ridge.

MID OCEANIC RIDGE 

OCEANIC RISE:- When molten magma spreads over the ocean floor at faster rate, forming a gentle slope land form is called oceanic rise. The east pacific rise is typical example of oceanic rise which formed due to movement of Nazca plate and pacific oceanic plate.  

ORIGIN OF OCEAN:-The Mid Atlantic ridge formed due to movement of African plate and American plate. On the other side the movement of African plate and Arabian plate, originating red sea along the ridge.

ORIGIN OF RED SEA

RIFT VALLEY:- Subsiding of rock block is due to the movement of plate in opposite side is known as rift valley. THE GREAT RIFT VALLEY IN AFRICA is the typical example of it. 

EAST AFRICAN GREAT RIFT VALLEY

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY:

when two plate moves toward each other and more denser 

plate collides with less denser plate, the more denser 

oceanic plate is typically underneath of less denser 

continental plate, forming a subduction  zone is called 

convergent boundary. This boundary is also called 

destructive boundary.

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY

SUBDUCTION ZONE: When the oceanic crust is thrust underneath of continental plate at 45 degree angle is called subduction zone or Benioff zone.

SUBDUCTION ZONE

OBDUCTION ZONE: Sometime the continental plate is moved under the oceanic plate is called obduction zone.

OBDUCTION ZONE

EXAMPLE: The west coast of South America where Nazca plate is being subducted beneath the continental South American plate.

TYPE OF CONVERGENT BOUNDARY and RESULTANT LAND FORM

Convergent boundary is typically three type i.e. 

Continental-oceanic boundary: A volcano under the ocean floor is typically resulting of it. The continental plate of west coast of America is subducted beneath the oceanic plate of Nazca plate, forming a volcanic mountain building. Other example is in North America the cascade mountain range.

CASCADE RANGE

CONTINENTAL - OCEANIC CONVERGENCE PLATE BOUNDARY

Continental -continental boundary

When two continental plates collides either buckle or compress or delve under or overrides the other. When the Indian plate collides with Eurasian plate and the Indian plate is being thrust under a portion of Eurasian plate, lifting it and forming the Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau.

RISE OF HIMALAYAS AND TIBETAN PLATEAU

Oceanic -oceanic boundary

When two oceanic plates creates island arc as one plate is being subducted underneath other. Notable example of this type plate is Japan and Aleutian islands in Alaska

Plates tectonics is a significant concept which explained major feature of the earth and provided satisfactory explanation.

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